Supplements

• A historical analysis highlights mediation as a cornerstone of Pakistan's foreign policy, driven by the need to maintain stability among adversarial neighbors. • Unlike global superpowers, Pakistan's motivation for mediation is rooted in immediate security threats, including refugee influxes, cross-border terrorism, and narcotics smuggling. • These regional conflicts impose severe economic and security burdens on the nation, disrupting trade routes and triggering humanitarian crises.

• Pakistan has historically utilized mediation as a core pillar of its foreign policy to manage conflicts between neighboring adversaries. • Unlike global superpowers driven by ideology, Pakistan's mediation efforts are motivated by the direct security threats posed by regional instability. • Unresolved local conflicts have previously burdened the nation with refugee influxes, cross-border terrorism, narcotics smuggling, and significant economic costs.

• Pakistan has historically utilized mediation as a core pillar of its foreign policy to manage conflicts between neighboring adversaries. • Unlike global superpowers, Pakistan's drive for mediation is fueled by immediate security threats, including refugee influxes, cross-border terrorism, and narcotics smuggling. • These regional instabilities impose significant economic and security costs on the nation, making stability in the near neighborhood a domestic necessity.